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SARS-Cov-2 virus has caused a pandemic that has placed a critical position as life as we knew it, this investigation seeks to expose the main consequences of the pandemic over the costs in the supply chain in different industries. The investigation was based on the research of information related to the effects which were analyzed on documentary research of a qualitative nature. This impact was investigated on the industries of health, food, retail, textile and education. For the food industry, the impact on most of the world regions was not so negative. The health industry is considering the replantation of the distribution of the products in a sustainable way.For the education industry the desertion increased, and the students were limited with the necessary resources for the virtual education. On the other hand, for the retail and textile industries, the online shopping has increased. In was determined broadly, in different sectors, that the COVID-19 has affected positively and negatively, and in all the situations people had to take decisions and look for solutions.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Patients with hematological malignancies have a higher susceptibility to develop severe COVID-19 and their humoral response to vaccination is usually impaired due to the immunosuppression caused by treatments or the disease itself. A recent prospective study that analyzed the humoral response to the BNT162b messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccine in patients with CLL showed an antibody response rate of 39.5%, significantly lower than that of sex- and agematched healthy controls. Patients with active disease or under treatment, especially with targeted agents were the ones with the worst humoral response (Herinashu et al., 2021). More data are needed to validate these results and enhance protective strategies in those patients. In this study, we aimed to assess the humoral response following vaccination with the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in a cohort of CLL patients from routine clinical practice and compared it with patients with other hematological neoplasms. Methods: Twenty-two CLL patients underwent blood sampling 2-4 weeks after the second dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer- BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine. A control group was composed of 65 patients with other hematological cancers that also received mRNA vaccines. IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike antigen were measured using electrochemiluminescent assay (ADVIA Centaur XPT, Siemens), and responses reported as index inferior or superior to 1 (range 0.50-150.00), being index <1.00 informed as no reactive and index >1.00 as reactive. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, version 22.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation). Results: CLL patient's characteristics are shown in Table 1. Antibody-response to the vaccine was only obtained in 54.5% of the patients with CLL (12/22) and was significantly lower than that observed in the control group, in which 77.8% of the patients with other malignancies seroconverted (p=0.03), Figure 1. The other malignancies group was composed of multiple myeloma (N=21);indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (N=12), Hodgkin lymphoma (N=5);acute myeloblastic leukemia (N=1);myeloproliferative neoplasms (N=12);myelodysplastic syndromes (N=7) and aggressive NHL (N=7). Antibody titers in patients with CLL showed a trend to be lower than the control group [median 3.16 (0-150) vs. 52.95 (0-150), p=0.133]. Focusing on CLL patients, antibody response rate was higher when disease was not active (75 vs. 43%, p=0.1) and in treatment-naïve patients (66.7 vs. 52.6%, p=0.6). Moreover, we observed similar responses in patients who obtained clinical remission after treatment (56.6 vs. 50%, p=0.8%). In patients under treatment with targeted drugs (Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) or venetoclax based regimens) at the time of vaccination, antibody response rates were significantly lower (33 vs. 80%, p=0.03). Specifically, 40% of patients under BTKi showed a serologic response, and only 25% of patients under venetoclax-based regimens. Of note, at the moment of the study, the disease was controlled in all patients under continuous treatment. Conclusions: Antibody-mediated response to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in CLL patients is significantly impaired in comparison to other onco-hematological diseases. Our series confirms better response rates when the disease is controlled and in treatment-naïve patients, showing slightly better responses than published to date (54.5 vs. 39.5%), which reinforces the need to vaccine CLL patients as some of them will benefit. Special concern must be taken to patients treated with targeted drugs, who show very low humoral responses. Therefore, in this vulnerable population, preventive measures, such as masks wearing, social distancing, and co-habitants vaccination should be reinforced.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: ¿In December 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused an outbreak of the respiratory disease called COVID-19, in Wuhan, China. At the end of February 2020, it was detected in Mexico the first case of COVID-19. With this disease, chronic degenerative diseases are decisive for comorbidity to continue increasing. OBJECTIVE: To know the epidemiological characteristics and comorbidity in workers sick with COVID-19 from the Veracruz Norte Regional Deconcentrated Administrative Operation Body, from the Mexican Institute for Social Security (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, IMSS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional study, which included 228 COVID-19 patients, who were IMSS workers. Variables such as age, gender, as well as medical unit, contractual category, comorbidities, etc., were analyzed and were taken from April to June 2020 from the Online Notification System for Epidemiological Surveillance (SINOLAVE) database. It was used descriptive statistics, and Pearson's chi-squared, with a p < 0.05. RESULTS: 228 patients were analyzed. The nursing staff was the one with the highest prevalence with 101 patients (44.3%). Comorbidities such as obesity in the foreground, with 27 patients (11.8%), and diabetes mellitus alone with 15 patients (6.6%), and as a group, along with arterial hypertension, obesity and being a chronic smoker in 22 patients (9.6%) were the most frequent. CONCLUSIONS: The nursing staff predominated;the prevalent comorbidities were obesity, diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension.